| Shanghai World Financial Center construction was one | | | | return and a 2000 year return on earthquake. In the |
| structure worth researching. As anyone could imagine, | | | | process of its foundation construction, temporary |
| building such a structure as Shanghai World Financial | | | | support for both mat and below-grade concrete |
| Center requires knowledge that has not been know | | | | floors were made because of the use of top-down |
| before-but with technology and testing the project | | | | construction method, H-piles large steel sections |
| was completed on August 28, 2008 | | | | extended from the piling to the ground surface... |
| The importance of developing building technologies to | | | | Other issues that come with this high rise were the |
| resists earth movement and high winds in high-rise | | | | cost, as in any project. Because the pile cut-off was |
| construction holds an important value. Initially planned | | | | well below grade, it was costing too much to |
| to be the world's tallest building, but because of | | | | reinforce existing pile. LERA determined that the |
| economic situation, the Asian Financial Crises, and | | | | current pile foundation system they had in place could |
| other delays, The Shanghai World Financial Center, | | | | accept a larger expansion; they only had the issue of |
| located in Shanghai, China, is eye appealing. While it | | | | cutting the weight of the original building by 10% or |
| was in the building process, the building dimensions | | | | more; the other aspect they had to do was to |
| were increased for couple reasons that we know of. | | | | redistribute the loads to the pile so that increased |
| After a decision to increase gross area of the WFC | | | | lateral loads the come from wind and earthquake can |
| in Shanghai by 15%, increase in overturning moment | | | | be surpassed. |
| from wind forces of about 25% came as well. A | | | | For Shanghai World Financial Center construction or |
| diagonal bracing was also used. With the design | | | | other building areas where winds are a problem, the |
| changes, the service core shear wall was achieved | | | | seismic effects typically include: |
| and there came the decrease in the amount of steel | | | | 1. High base overturning moment and foundation |
| needed for the robust structure. | | | | design (wind, seismic) |
| The first structure was called the mega structure, | | | | 2. High shear demand near base (seismic) |
| which in reality consists of major structural columns, | | | | 3. High gravity stresses in the vertical elements (and |
| the major diagonals, and the belt trusses. The second | | | | use of high-strength materials) to minimize structural |
| one was a concrete walls of the service core I | | | | sizes foreconomic structural design and to maximize |
| mentioned above. The third system was a | | | | net floor area |
| relationship between concrete wall of the service | | | | 4. Differential axial shortening under gravity forces, |
| core and the mega-columns, that were made by the | | | | including effect on floor slope and outrigger force |
| outrigger trusses... | | | | demands |
| As the final design of LERA (Leslie E. Robertson | | | | 5. Development of ductility in elements at the base |
| Associates), Shanghai World Financial Center | | | | of a structure under high compressive gravity stress |
| construction consisted of three relatively narrow | | | | (seismic) |
| columns, compared to seventeen wide columns. An | | | | 6. Controlling lateral accelerations (wind) |
| important area to mention is how the stiffness of | | | | 7. Controlling story drift (wind, seismic) |
| the perimeter and trusses has movement, as well as | | | | 8. Controlling damage so as to enable repair (seismic) |
| shears in the concrete walls of the service core, can | | | | 9. Ensuring ductile energy dissipation mechanisms and |
| be increased or decreased. The whole robust design | | | | preventing brittle failures (seismic) |
| is smiler that of the, previous, World Trade Center in | | | | Each geographical location requires specific, special |
| NY. The wind engineering results were different | | | | requirement, to be developed and tested, when the |
| compared to that of the World Trade Center in NY, | | | | project is breaking new ground, like The Shanghai |
| based on extensive wind testing. | | | | World Financial Center construction... Although other |
| The earthquake engineering for the Shanghai World | | | | buildings were structured in that geographical location, |
| Financial Center construction was extensive. The | | | | but not with the same height and greatness... |
| design allows for a 200 year period for typhoon | | | | |